Organisation and Management †Assignment One Essay Example for Free

Organisation and Management Assignment One EssayFor the purpose of this assignment I have chosen transport and logistics phoner Mainfreight Limited. I will be focusing specifically on the outbound night crew. This team is responsible for despatch freight from the Wellington region onto trucks to be sent to branches across New Zealand. Inside this team there is one supervisor who works with the loading team on the floor also loading and is responsible for smooth daily trading operations. The mid level manager is the Operations Manager who is responsible for the supervisor and implementing organisational plans such as reducing damages to freight. The legislate manager in this case is the Branch Manager who sets goals for the branch and oversees planning for the future.Q1) An economic reason for a truck loading crew operating at night is that its cheaper to travel at night due to faster travel times and less fuel consumption for the trucks on empty roads I think this reason a pplies around strongly to my organisation because it will extend the profit. A social reason for the organisation is that there is less essay of accidents late at night on empty roads. A personal reason to form this organisation could be a love for trucks.Q2) Figurehead The most well known figurehead of Mainfreight Wellington is the branch manager, an activity could be a speech at the grand opening, skills he would need include humankind speaking competency and reliability. Entrepreneur The entrepreneur of the branch initiates innovative solutions and change to the organisation such as the branch manager diversifying from road transport to including racecourse or sea transportation. Some skills needed for this role are creativity and brevity. Resource allocator Within my organisation this role is filled by the operations manager, who distributes resources such as equipment like forklifts and workers if needed to fulfill the crews workload. Some skills needed for this role are t ime management and planning ability. Disseminator An activity a manager in this role might perform is collecting information from customers and producing estimates of freight quantities for the truck loaders who could then plan how they layout their loads. Skills needed are the ability to gather and analyze information.Q3) Soldiering by Frederick Taylor is when workers purposely limit output by not working to full capacity in order to avoid cause redundancies and to avoid losing incentive pay by exceeding required writ of execution levels. The impacts of workers soldiering on my organisation could mean that if there is a large influx of freight and workers dont load it all that night, the delay could anger the customer who will then take their business elsewhere. If workers are soldiering performance will not be maximized and low productivity could cause a fall in capital investment and the eventual decline of the business.Q4) Time and action studies streamline task processes by reducing inefficient motions and then once the task process has been adjusted through motion studies the time studies then seeks to hypothesise a standard length of time in which the refined task process should be completed. Time and Motion studies are a technique to increase task efficiency by workers to increase the output with no greater physical effort. An impact of TM studies on my organisation is that incoming freight is place in bays so loaders do not have to go back and forth to the unloading area.

Reasoning Fallacies Essay Example for Free

Reasoning Fallacies EssayA cogitate fallacy is an error in reasoning. We all have our grade on certain issues and at one point in time we have attempted to convince other persons to take back the same position. Reasoning fallacy go forth be move if there is an error in our own reasoning that led us to adopt the position or we used erroneous reasoning in trying to convince others to adopt our position.As a result, reasoning fallacy is a serious reason of concern. It may be possible that we think in a particular manner and act in accordance with what we think not knowing that the reasoning we used in arriving at such thinking is erroneous. Also, reasoning fallacy is troubling because a person who cannot spot reasoning fallacies in an argument will most likely be deceived by other persons who use these fallacies.Equivocation or equivocal language is the use of a single term or word to mean two different things. One particular example is the statement For Kobe Bryant and Tim D uncan, basketball is their bread and butter. Bread and butter are my favorite breakfast. Therefore, for Kobe Bryant and Tim Duncan, basketball is their favorite breakfast. In the statements mentioned, bread and butter are used in two different senses as means to earn a living and as a meal.Non Sequitur is a fallacy that is committed when a persons premises have no direct relationship to his conclusion. This fallacy is most oftentimes committed by politicians, and multi-national companies to promote their product. One example is the statements Oprah Winfrey is an intelligent, outspoken and strong-willed woman. Most of her opinions are right. She in addition supports check Obamas presidential campaign. Therefore Barrack Obama is the best choice for presidency. Here, it is clear that Oprahs opinions no matter how great she is, has no bearing on the issue of qualifications of Obama.Fallacy of Ignoring the Question or florid Herring is a fallacy committed by a person who does not p roperly respond to a question. For example, if a person is asked whether he committed adultery, he says, I am a religious person and I go to church everyday.The fallacy of Begging the Question is a fallacy that attempts to originate a particular statement but the statement itself is assumed in the premises. For example, George W. Bush is the best president of the United States because nobody else is better.One example of a reasoning fallacy can be found in the January 15, 2007 issue of the Time Magazine. It was written by Jeffrey D. Sachs and the article is entitled The $10 Solution Malaria kills 2 million African children a year. It can be found in the first paragraph of the article which states that Listen for a moment to the beautiful and reward voices of Africas mothers. Despite their burdens of poverty and hunger, they will tell you not of their endless toil but of their hopes for their children.But softy ever so softly, they will also recount the children they have lost, cla imed by a sudden fever, children who died in their arms as they were carried in a desperate half-days journey by al-Qaeda from the village to the nearest clinic. Here, the author appeals to the emotion of his readers to arouse their sympathy and to encourage the readers to donate and contribute a portion of their money to organizations that provide assistance to the African people. .BibliographiesSachs, Jeffrey D. The $10 Solution Malaria kills 2 million African children a year. Time.January 15, 2007. Vol. 169 No. 1.

Family Engagement in Early Childhood Education

Family Engagement in Early Childhood EducationLinda HarrisonImagine for a minute your most valu adapted possession. Think round a stranger coming up to you and saying, Ill take cargon of your valuable possession for you all day. Ill take devout c ar of it, but I might change it a little because Id like to have my experience blood with it. You can pick it up from me at the end of each day, but youll call for to bring it back to me again every morning. (Keyser 139)Janis Keyser is a make author that c atomic number 18s about p atomic number 18nt- instructor partnerships and her works have been adopted by the National Association for the Education of Young youngsterren (NAEYC). Her writings are about the success of the on the whole family in their homes and tyke care when the family is actively involved in their childs education. Her quote is meaningful when you replace the haggle valuable possession with child. Would her words make you want to get to eff that person commenc ement exercise? Would you mobilise it was important to spend m in conversation with the person caring for your child? Of course you would. Parents want to know the person responsible for their child in their absence. Communication becomes paramount in this situation. Parents and instructors need to catch a good relationship with open lines of communication. Teachers want you as a partner in your childs education. When you dont talk about school or to the teacher your child hears a message. That message says school isnt important. The child whitethorn reason he or she isnt important either.Families know about their children and teachers know about education. This noesis needs to be shared to promote your childs success. Any connection between family and school is good. Family involvement is a boundary used to describe the familys participation in their childs school. Participation includes spending time at the school or a function, macrocosm active, and doing it with a smile. The schools self-interests and ideas are supported through involvement. If the teacher would ask for both(prenominal)one to bring in sea shells for beach week, the parent is altogether in control of whether or not they will be able to complete the task. Family engagement is better as it is the family as co-contributor rather than merely a client. The familys ideas and self-interests interconnect with the schools interests when they are actively engaged. Erics family went camping and his mystify and teacher were talking about how more Eric enjoyed it. Erics mother offered to bring in tents and other camping items if the teacher chose to do a study on camping. The idea and interest came from the family. Erics mother came and participated in verbalise stories to the children about camping. Children learn that school matters by seeing their family actively engaged. When everyones interests in the childs education are supported and encouraged the teacher is better equipped to indivi dualize the childs erudition, the family is comfortable to approach the teacher, and the child gains confidence. The family and child are also able to build trust in spite of appearance this new relationship. Engaged families allows for flexibility through the sharing of ideas and information to achieve beneficial outcomes. Children learn that school matters by seeing their family actively engaged. It is crucial that families and teachers develop trust and reciprocal relationships to enhance the partnership. That relationship is as important as the teacher-child relationship.Teachers must have relationships with children that include trust and attachment. Education theorist, Erik Erikson said the first gay emotional milestone is the infants trust and attachment to a caregiver. His theory states this stage sets the life-long turn outation that the world is a good place to brave out (qtd. in Santrock 25). This allows them to take chances and risks in learning. Without trust they experience doubt and wont take initiative and whitethorn feel anxious. The children need to make connections in order to develop independence. When they have a strong trusting relationship with adults it promotes cognitive, literacy, social and emotional developments.You are your childs first teacher and first experience in trust. When your child observes you and their teacher having a conversation it sends messages to your child. This message is that their family is valued and appreciated. Another message may be that your child is important to some(prenominal) parties. That happens when your child realizes the conversations are about more(prenominal) than than problems your child may be having. Children enjoy feeling pride in their families and that has an influence on their self-esteem. When the family and the child are feeling confident it improves morale, energy and positive thinking among all involved. That will promote an enhanced learning environment for the child whether it is in a schoolroom or home environment.The Family Involvement Network of Educators (FINE), a Harvard Family Research Project reported that children spend, 20 percent of their waking time annually in full-dress classroom education, leaving 80 percent of their time to explore and enhance their learning interests in non-school settings. (Lopez) Since the family is the childs first teacher, the home is the childs first learning environment. The familys success is not about the clothes they wear, where they live or where they work. It is how they care for and nurture each other. Family interactions at home are learning opportunities. When conversations take place children learn new vocabulary and literacy development is supported through reading together. Childrens social and emotional development is promoted watch family members in social settings. They see how people deal with happy, sad, and angry moments. They watch problem solving when something isnt going as planned. Their li teracy development gains through beaten(prenominal) labeling in the home and regularly visited places. In a grocery store they see familiar brands on items. Children enjoy games about naming the color of the item, conclusion the letters in the name of the item, and counting how many items Mother needs to buy. At home spot putting the groceries away the child learns responsibility while dowery. Your child enjoys having conversations with you. Asking what happens if the ice cream isnt put in the correct place supports your childs critical thinking while they may be having fun talking about melted ice cream. There are many learning opportunities in the home environment that you do every day without being aware you are teaching.I always talk to my daughter. When we go on a walk or to the store or on the bus, we are continually talking. We talk about what we see, we ask questions, and we tell stories. When her teacher saw us one day having a conversation in the garden at school, she told me that I was sponsoring my daughter learn a wonderful vocabulary, which would help her learn to read. I felt so proud that I was helping my child learn. I thought only teachers did that. (Keyser 7)These interactions are paramount to the childs development. Almost any activity reading or play does more to develop their minds, imagination, physical coordination, confidence and character than sitting in front of the tube. (Griggs 1)At home activities help promote school readiness. Children are learning more at earlier ages than in previous years. It may be due to both parents working and there are multiple early puerility programs in every city. Children entering kindergarten are expected to know their letters, how to use a pencil, count with an awareness of its meaning, and how to take turns. They need to know colors, write their name, and recognize some words. Children from homes where families actively engaged in literacy activities like day-to-day reading together were ab ove average in being ready for kindergarten. (Bower 1) There are families that expect early childhood programs to be responsible for the child learning these skills without the family doing anything at home to support the skill development. Todays working parents feel overwhelmed with the time restraints. Its not about the time its about singing songs, reading books, and telling stories are important parentchild activities that support learning when children are young (Lopez). These activities can be done anywhere and anytime the family is together. The National shew for Early Education Research reported it is important to note that get up can be seen where a partnership between school and home will reinforce the learning and further the childs development. The National Institute for Early Education Research also reported that discussing changes in a childs readiness skills can open a dialogue about the childs strengths and concerns of the teacher or family. (Snow 1) The National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) published this article by Snow on the research findings and is a dedicated group that supports teachers and anyone interested through communication of information in early childhood development and education. It is a great source of information and knowledge and can be found at www.naeyc.com.Communication is the usual one-way means of delivering information. Conversation, on the other hand, is a two-way exchange of information and much more apt to lead to a successful relationship between the family and the teacher. Is your childs caregiver the previously mentioned stranger or your partner in your childs education development? Teachers are well aware that many families have time restraints and must hurry off to deal with their daily responsibilities. Families feel no news is good news as the saying goes about teachers informing them about the childs day. The families feel that the teacher would certainly approach them if someth ing important needed to be communicated. (Drugli 7) Sammies family didnt think it was important to tell the teacher during drop off about the death of Sammies fish. That would have been important knowledge for the teacher when Sammie suddenly broke down in tears because My mommy flushed Goldie in the toilet at home. That was a lost opportunity of a conversation between partners. It also would have prepared the teacher for the emotions and following conversation with Sammie. To adults this would seem inconsequential but a very important impact on Sammies emotional development. What message did she get from the family not taking time to discuss the incident? Sammie had to depend on her teacher for warmth and comfort. Children need to feel safety and security in every environment. It is important for teachers to understand the family structure of each child. Each family is different and cultures need to be respected. The dynamics of each family make it important how the teacher address es family members. There may not be a father or mother. There are new practices in creating families. There are extended and blended families. There are multiple homes that a child may be living in.Urie Bronfenbrenner, childhood theorist, says childrens development is affected by all the different systems they are part of and how those systems interact with each other. (Keyser 1) Children observe the adults interactions and learn from them. During drop off when the adults recognize each other the child learns who is welcome at the school. The child sees mutual respect shown and that is comforting to a child. It is important for them to observe conversations and see the body lyric poem connected with it. This is a way they learn social interactions. Children are learning all the time everywhere they are.Children are very perceptive and need help learning about social interactions. Parent-teacher relationships and partnerships are important but need to be developed with the children in mind. If one childs parents arent able to come into the classroom to participate in activities the child may feel left out or unimportant. We should always approach ideas and activities considering the childs spot and feelings.Parents feelings are important too. Recently a parent confided in me that she is overwhelmed with work, home, and raising two children as a single parent. Her children are well cared for, clean, and always smiling. The children are a little behind in some of the areas of development. Teachers are educated about the domains or areas of development and are able to help support the childs successful development. Teachers are caregivers that include education and developmental support. While talking with this parent I learned she felt inadequate and not good enough to engage in conversation with teachers or other parents. I assured her that all parents have doubts but they have children in common and they may find even more support and friendships along the w ay. Parents are as important to teachers as they are to their children.I invite you to share an example of what you think family engagement in anywhere, anytime learning looks like. Lets start a list of no or low cost activities families can do together. wholeness idea may lead to anotherReflectionWorks CitedBower, Carolyn. Early Childhood Education Increases Participation and Attention, Teachers Say Study of Kindergartners Shows That Parental Involvement is critical To Readiness for SchoolSt. Louis adventure-DispatchSt. Louis, MO 04 Nov. 1999 B,12. Print.Drugli, May Britt Undheim, AnneMari. Partnership between Parents and Caregivers of Young Children in Full-time Daycare.Child Care in Practice18.1 (2012) 51-65. Web. 7 Dec. 2011.Grigg, France. Teachers Ask Parents to Be Partners in Learning. Cincinnati Post 9 September 1996, 8A. Web. 28 July 2014.Keyser, Janis. From Parents to Partners Building a Family-Centered Early Childhood Program. St. Paul Redleaf Press, 2006. Print.Lopez, M. Elena, Caspe, Margaret. Family Engagement in Anywhere, Anytime Learning.Family Involvement Network of Educators (FINE) newbornsletter, 6(3). 2014. Web. 3 August 2014.Santrock, John. Children. New York McGraw-Hill, 2010. 5-49. Print.Snow, Kyle Ph.D. Research News You Can Use Family Engagement and Early Childhood Education.NAEYC. Web. 22 July, 2014

Domestic Violence in the LGBT Community Reflection

Domestic fierceness in the LGBT Community ReflectionOn June 12, 1997. This day was started out(a) like any other day. But later this tragedy would change the direction of my life forever. A home(prenominal) shooting took regularise and I was the victim. The offender and I were close friends. We were sharing an apartment together. Most of the people in the community would see us together on a daily basis, some of the neighbors would make it their mission to watch us, maybe because we did not pose a threat, and we would always speak. My roommate also had children, 2 girls, and boy ages 14,13 and 9. They lived with their grandparents at the succession. The shooting happening because my roommate accuses me of cheating and it escalated from there. She had driven out to my job earlier that day and confronting me with a shirt that had lipsticks stains on the collar. Of course, I denied the aggregation. When I returned foundation from work she was their still anger from earlier. We st arted yelling at one another back and forth and she grabs my side arm.The pistol that was used was a 22 caliber it was purchased from a friend it was not registered. We often get into heated arguments with each other and they usually cool down. But this succession it was different, it was something more underneath the surface. The bul permits were just purchased for that pistol a week ago before the shooting, I did not think it was loaded. When she fired the weapon, I was setting on the edge of the bed, when my head flew back on the bed and line of products starting running out of the side of my mouth. We were both in shock me not knowing the severity of the gunshot wound and her stand frozen in denial and frantic that my famiIly was going to kill her. She yelling at me to sit up and I could not without help, she comes over and helps me up, now blood is running faster out of my mouth, and I am trying quietly to whisper to her to call 911, reassuring her that she did not mean to s hoot me. At this time everyone nearby in the apartment complex heard the commotion and started to stand around outside as the Police and EMS arrived. The landlord knew my mother, and I whisper to her not to let my mother know what had happened. Because she would have been devasted. I also told the police that I was not going to press charges, the officers looks at me and shakes his head. She had a family and, I did not hope to see her children suffer, because of the mis employ that she had made. They transported me to Cape Fear Valley hospital. I was reluctant to give out any information to them concerning contacting my family. My worries were my family, especially my mother, I could not take my family through this ordeal. They were notified, by who, I am not sure, I passed out at that time.We all know that domestic violence has been around for decades even centuries, generally among heterosexual, now it has entered into the LBGQT community. Most of the time heavy drinking plays a role, in domestic violence, such as, in my situation, we were both heavy drinkers, and she had been drinking at the time of the shooting. Men and Women are now experienced abuse and violence in relationships with their partners. Law enforcement, government agencies, and the general population acknowledge that domestic violence is a serious public health problem (Domestic rage in the LGBT Community, 2011). Researcher has acknowledged that domestic violence among same-sex couples is similar to heterosexual couples. But because of certain laws, domestic violence victims in same-sex relationships are not identified as heterosexual relationships they can not get the help they need. This is due to the lack of legal designation of same-sex relationships, law enforcements failure to identify and properly handle domestic violence cases involving people of the same sex, and the shortage of resources available to victims of same-sex partner domestic abuse (Domestic frenzy in the LGBT Commu nity, 2011). In most situation, shelters can not provide a safe place of care for gay men and lesbian because of certain legalities in our courts systems.During my process with my battle back from my shooting. I would not identifies us as a couple. The shooting was due to an argument among friends. The shame of being label as lesbians and getting shot by your lover was not good in an African America family and cultural not for me. My family was concern about my ability to fit normally, physical and financially after this had happened. We had worked out an agreement between the two of us that she would pay my car payments until I was able to return back to work. She started out for a while and then stop. If it is not documented by the courts you really do not have a legal right or duty for the offender to comply with the agreement.ReferencesDOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL AND TRANSGENDER RELATIONSHIPS. (2006). Retrieved from National Coalition Against Domestic Violence file///C/Users/user/Desktop/ncadv_lgbt_fact_sheet.pdfDomestic Violence in the LGBT Community. (2011, June 14). Retrieved from Center For American Progress https//www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbt/news/2011/06/14/9850/domestic-violence-in-the-lgbt-community/al., M. e. (2016). Violence Against Women in Selected Areas of the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 2156-2166.Shwayder, M. (2013, November 5). A Same-Sex Domestic Violence Epidemic Is Silent. Retrieved from The Atlantic Monthly Group https//www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/11/a-same-sex-domestic-violence-epidemic-is-silent/281131/

Pet Therapy for Pain and Anxiety Management

darling Therapy for Pain and Anxiety ManagementPain and Anxiety Management in Hospice consider longanimouss through caress TherapyArlena DavisPet therapy is a form of treatment used in hospitals, nursing homes and educational institutions. It involves guided dealings amid a trained tool, an individual and the animal trainer. Pet therapy offers diligent ofs the opportunity to improve their life through human-animal relations. The practice problem is to doctor the metier of using animals to aid humans cope better with health matters. For this proposal, the centre will be to determine the effectiveness of kiss therapy in the treatment of hospice patient ofs.Background and SignificanceThe focus of this research proposal will be on Hospice care planned care to provide medical services, spiritual and emotional support to individuals who are in the advanced stages of illness. It centers on comfort and copiousness of life rather than cure. Hunters and gatherers first used the pet therapy and the initial report was dvirtuoso in late 18th century at the York Retreat in Britain headed by William Tuke. Domesticated pets, marine creatures and farm animals are the most used. Several benefits are associated with pet therapy, lower blood pressure and slenderized depression. A issue problem of pet therapy is although scientists present the relationship between humans and companion animals as favorable, there is need for investigational studies to determine its effectiveness.In using pet therapy, it is primary(prenominal) that the rights of the people affected as those of their animal companions be respected. The patient can choose the pet of his choice to improve their health. The pets used are service animals and moldiness be allowed to accomp either a disabled person wherever they go. However, caution should be taken to avoid pets with a temperament as they tend to be a nuisance. Elderly people and people suffering from chronic illnesses are the most affec ted.Pet therapy has its complications and can be costly. Failure of this therapy can result in a hurtful and intolerable death for a patient in a short period. Pet therapy gives hospice patients and their families some hope of a quality life. If this design fails, the family members of the patient might suffer from depression. It might withal instill fear and uncertainty to patients downstairsgoing pet therapy. Pet therapy can be costly be rationality it entails hiring a certain and well-trained pet. In addition, hospice patients may need to be in a health facility.Review of LiteratureThe research proposal discusses the diverse studies conducted concerning pet therapy by conglomerate authors. It holds both theoretical reviews of data previously recorded and empirical studies in different places with patients of different age groups. The different study designs applied by the authors include systematic review of the evidence, Quasi-experimental investigations, review of quali tative studies, survey questionnaires, randomized control trial and pre-post quasi-experimental design.According to Stem (2011), pet therapy treatment enables patients in a hospice micturate short time relief from pain, stress and fretting. He however did not have an in-depth analysis due to lack of quality research data. The review was conducted on the comments 31of schoolmasters who used carnal Assisted therapy (AAT) for mental health care. Animal Assisted Therapy was beneficial (OCallaghan, 2008). The method provided qualitative, and the interpretation could have been biased. A convenience sample of 58 residents living in a facility was studied to determine the changes in the use of medication. A Decline in pain Medication use (Lust, Ryan-Haddad, Coover, Snell, 2007). AAT helped in rehabilitating schizophrenic patients (Kovcs, Kis, Rzsa, Rzsa, 2004). The findings were made after surveying the in mutually beneficial living skills of seven schizophrenic patients at a hospice.I n a different approach, pre-post quasi-experimental design was used on hospitalized patients with the aim of finding out the effects on not only their mood but also the cost incurred. Pet therapy improved mood in hospitalized patients and was cost effective (Coakley Mahoney, 2009). The patients in hospice care also include electric shaverren. In this research proposal, a review of the effectiveness of pet therapy on them is also done. AAT has benefits for the children in pain. The group having AAT had a significant loss in pain level relative to the control group (Braun, Stangler, Narveson, Pettingell, 2009).Survey questionnaires also serve as an excellent source of conducting research. In one such instance used to investigate the effectiveness of pet therapy, Companion animals reduced anxiety (Peacock, Chur-Hansen, Winefield, 2012). The conclusion was made after reviewing the responses of a sample of 70 hospitalized patients. Persons with neurological conditions also get assist ance through pet therapy to help improve their functioning. In one of the prospective studies, the researchers focused on the improvement in walking distance covered and the speed of the patient as well. Walking with a drag improved patient ambulation and patients responded positively to the experience (Rita, Brienne Joseph, 2007)However, the positive findings of using pet therapy do not reflect the opinions of all the researchers. Anxiety inventory did not fall down significantly but was low after Animal Assisted Therapy (Ekeberg Braastad, 2011). Also according to Bercovitz, Sengupta, Jones, Harris-kojetin, (2011), there are no differences in demographics, health, functional status between patients discharged from hospice or those who got complementary and alternative therapies CAT. They made this conclusion by reviewing the outcomes of complementary and alternative therapies.The different research methods applied by the researchers had their shortcomings. The most greens bein g lack of randomness in sample selection, biased interpretations due to use of either qualitative or quantitative information, the lack of evidence of the cause and effect and a limited sample size. The findings of some researcher proved quite unreliable, as they did not do follow-ups on their subjects. It is crucial to know how Animal Assisted Therapy works and which animals are best suited for this treatment.Research ProblemIntroducing a pet into the life of a patient has been proven to distract the patient from pain, anxiety and reduces hypertension. Furthermore, it helps patients regain control of their accessible and communication skills (unity point, n.d.). The caregivers use this option to provide palliative care care aimed at reducing pain, suffering and annoyance in order to provide them with a better chance at living (1800hospice, n.d.).Control of pain and anxiety is the main aim of hospice care. The option is considered when one is no longer aggressive in treating illne ss and is ready to accept death. A caregivers responsibility is to offer the best therapy possible. The patients find it easier to move with the animals than with family members (Hospice of North Central Ohio, 2014).Study PurposeStudies have indicated that the presence of a pet in the facility help relieve patients pain and gives the staff morale to continue providing care to the patients. The act of petting has an automatic and subconscious relaxing and calming effect (Methodist wellness, 2014). Furthermore, the use of pets can help bridge the communication fling between the patient, the doctor and family (Matuszek, 2010).Theoretical Framework and Conceptual DefinitionsThe theory of comfort asserts that comfort exists in three main forms relief, ease and transcendence. When the comfort needs of the patient are met, he experiences comfort in the form of getting relief (March McCormack,2009). Ease facilitates the comfort of a patient through contentment by arraying any fears and anxiety from the patient. Transcendence facilitates the patient achieve a level of comfort by rising above any challenges during or after treatment.The theory posits that patient comfort occurs in four contexts physical, psycho-spiritual, socio-cultural and environmental (Kolcaba DiMarco, 2005). It emphasizes that patients are individuals, families, institutions and even communities that need healthcare services. The environment encompasses any aspects of the patient, family or institution that nurses may manipulate in order to provide comfort to patients.RationaleThe theory is a good fit for the study since it informs the need for nurses and patients relatives to pursue available methodologies to moderate pain and patient discomforts. The theory fosters courage and spirit of enthusiasm and positivity and reminds nurses not to give up (Lasiuk Ferguson, 2005). The independent uncertain is pet therapy to reduce pain while the dependent variable is end of life patient management.Th e independent and dependent variables are linked to the concepts since the choice of appropriate therapies is ideal to effective patient management especially in the end of life processes. In order to attain desirable relief for the patient, the nursing personnel formulates proper nursing care plans and continuously evaluates comfort levels of the patient to determine the need for change (Melnyk Overholt, 2010). The nurse may use objective or subjective measures to evaluate the levels of comfort for the patient. purpose assessments involve, making observations of the patient and the mend process. Subjective measures include seeking the patients comments.HypothesisHospice care patients and their families will chose pet therapy as a possible treatment option when end of life conversations are being debated at the time of diagnosis.Design and RationaleThe research design will be in the form of a cross-sectional survey of pain and anxiety management in hospice care through pet therap y. It will be used to determine the success of this treatment and to predict its usefulness in future. The rationale of using the cross-sectional approach is because this proposal will focus on one variable the effectiveness of pet therapy for hospice care using data collected in different institutions during the same period.Population and SampleThe appropriate population for this proposal is the patients under hospice care. The sample will be chosen randomly which will include patients in hospitals, nursing homes and those in hospice care institution. Since the number of patients is large, the sample size for this study will be 60 patients involving people of different ages and suffering from different illnesses.Human Subjects ProtectionIn conducting this study, the ethical practice of human subject aegis will be adhered to. The research will be based on objectivity and the data collected from the patients will only be used for the research. The relevant authorities of such as fam ily and institution directors will be consulted for permission.Operational DefinitionThe independent variable for this research proposal is the use of pet therapy to reduce pain and anxiety in hospice patients. Pet therapy is a program, which involves creating a relationship between a patient and animal to help improve their health condition. The dependent variable is the end of life patient management this is provided through hospice care to patients who are in the late years of their life.Measurement DiscussionIn ascertain the success of use of pet therapy in managing pain and anxiety among hospice patients, both qualitative and quantitative measurements will be done. The key factors to be considered will be the amount of time spent with the pet, the blood pressure of individuals before and after pet therapy. The state of depression shall also be monitored as well as the amount of intake of pain relievers.SummaryPet therapy for hospice care patients has proven very helpful remedy during the end of life stage. The animals provide companionship and genius calmness in the patients life. In depth, research should be done to determine the animals that best suit the treatment and to establish how the treatment occurs. For this proposal, the focus will be to determine the effectiveness of pet therapy in the treatment of hospice patients.References1800hospice. (n.d.). Hospice Terms 1-800-HOSPICE.1800hospice.com. Retrieved 17 July 2014, from http//www.1800hospice.com/understanding-homecare/hospice-terms/Bercovitz, A., Sengupta, M., Jones, A., Harris-kojetin, L. D. (2011). Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Hospice The National Home and Hospice compassionate Survey United States , 2007. National Health Statistics Reports, 33, 1-20.Braun, C., Stangler, T., Narveson, J., Pettingell, S. (2009). Animal-assisted therapy as a pain relief intervention for children. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 15(2), 105-109.Coakley, A. B., Mahoney, E. K. (20 09). Creating a therapeutic and healing environment with a pet therapy program. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 15(3), 141-146.Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Hospice The National Home and Hospice Care Survey United States, 2007. US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, 2011.Cummings, K. (n.d.). End of Life and Hospice Care Taking file of Your Health Wellbeing.Taking Charge of Your Health Wellbeing. Retrieved 17 July 2014, from http//www.takingcharge.csh.umn.edu/conditions/end-life-and-hospice-careDArcy, Y. (2011). Paws to provide comfort, relieve pain.Nursing2014,41(4), 6768.DogsDoingGood. (2013). Therapy vs. Service Dog.Dogs Doing Good Helping families. Training dogs. Changing lives.. Retrieved 17 July 2014, from http//dogsdoinggood.com/web/therapy-vs-service-dog/Ekeberg O., B. B., Braastad, I. P. and B. O. (2011). Animal-Assisted Therapy with Farm Animals for Perso ns with Psychiatric Disorders Effects on Anxiety and Depression, a Randomized Controlled Trial. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 27(1), 50-64.Harrington SE. Smith, (2009). The role of chemotherapy of the end of life.Hospice of North Central Ohio. (2014). Complementary Therapies.Hospiceofnorthcentralohio.org. Retrieved 17 July 2014, from http//www.hospiceofnorthcentralohio.org/care-services/hospice-care/complementary-therapiesKolcaba, K. DiMarco, M. (2005). Comfort theory and its practise topediatric nursing. pediatric Nursing, 31(3) 187-194Kolcaba, K. (2006). Comfort theoryA unifying framework to enhance the practice environment. Journal of Nursing Administration, 36(11) 538-544.Kovcs, Z., Bulucz, J., Kis, R., Simon, L. (2006). An exploratory study of the effect of animal-assisted therapy on gestural communication in three schizophrenic patients. Anthrozoos A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People Animals.Kovcs, Z., Kis, R., Rzsa, S., Rzsa, L. (2004). A nimal-assisted therapy for middle-aged schizophrenic patients living in a social institution. A pilot study. Clinical rehabilitation, 18(5), 483-486.Lasiuk, G. Ferguson, L. (2005). From practice to midrangetheory and back again.Advances in Nursing Science, 28(2) 127-136.Lehigh Happening. (2013). Pet Therapy Photos with Santas Jingle Dogs at Cedarbook.Lehigh Happening. Retrieved 17 July 2014, from http//lehigh.happeningmag.com/pet-therapy-santas-jingle-dogsLust, E., Ryan-Haddad, A., Coover, K., Snell, J. (2007). Measuring clinical outcomes of animal-assisted therapy usurpation on resident medication usage. The Consultant pharmacist the journal of the American Society of Consultant Pharmacists.March, A. McCormack,D. (2009). Nursing theory-directed healthcare Modifying Kolcabas Comfort Theory as an institution-wide approach. holistic Nursing Practice, 23(2) 75-80.Matuszek, S. (2010). Animal-facilitated therapy in various patient populations systematic literature review. Holistic Nu rsing Practice,24(4), 187203.McEwen, M. Wills, E. (2011). Theoretical basis for nursing. (3rd ed). Philadelphia. Oxford university press.Melnyk, B. Overholt, E. (2010). Evidence-based practice in nursing healthcare A guide to best practice (2nd ed). New York. Sage publications.MethodistHealth. (2014). Pet Therapy at Methodist Hospice Bring Patients Joy.Methodisthealth.org. Retrieved 17 July 2014, from http//www.methodisthealth.org/news-and-events/news/2014/pet-therapy-at-methodist-hospice-bring-patients-joy.dotMyers, J. (2012). PAWSitive bedside outcomes The value of animal-assisted therapy. Med Surg Matters, 21(5), 1.OCallaghan, D. M. (2008). Exploratory study of animal assisted therapy interventions used by mental health professionals (Doctoral dissertation, University of North Texas).Peacock, J., Chur-Hansen, A., Winefield, H. (2012). Mental Health Implications of Human Attachment to Companion Animals. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68(3), 292-303.Rita K signal Brienne R C osta Ctrs Joseph B Frey, B. (2007). The impact of animal-assisted therapy on patient ambulation A feasibility study. American Journal of Recreation Therapy, 6(3), 7-19.Selby, A., Smith-Osborne, A. (2013). A systematic review of effectiveness of complementary and adjunct therapies and interventions involving equines. Health Psychology, 32(4), 418.Snyder, M., Lindquist, R. (2006). Complementary/alternative therapies in nursing. New York Springer Pub. Co.Sobo, E. J., Eng, B., Kassity-Krich, N. (2006). Canine visitation (pet) therapy pilot data on decreases in child pain perception. Journal of holistic nursing official journal of the American Holistic Nurses AssociationStern, C. (2011). Canines Utilised For Therapeutic Purposes In The Physical And Social Health Of Older People In Long Term Care (Doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Health Sciences and the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide).Taylor, M. A. (2012). Pet therapy / canine visitors bring cheer to hospice patients. The moneymaking(prenominal) Appeal (2007-Current)Tsai, C.-C., Friedmann, E., Thomas, S. A. (2010). The Effect of Animal-Assisted Therapy on Stress Responses in Hospitalized Children. Anthrozoos A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People Animals.U.S. Department of justice Civil Rights Division (2010) Service animalsUrbanski, B. L., Lazenby, M. (2012). Distress Among Hospitalized Pediatric Cancer Patients Modified By Pet-Therapy Intervention to Improve Quality of Life. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing.Van Hyfte, G. J., Kozak, L. E., Lepore, M. (2013). A survey of the use of complementary and alternative medicate in Illinois Hospice and Palliative Care Organizations.American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 1049909113500378.VNA hospice volunteers complete training. (2013). The Evening SunWenger NS, Verpa PM, (2010) Ethical issues in patients-physician communication about therapy for cancer professional responsibility of th e ecologist

A Lost Word :: essays research papers

A Lost WordOne word in the English language above all told others throughout the history has caused more line of reasoning, both in terms of human fatalities and words written about it than devotion. Religion has been a subject of major controversy long before there was an English language, long before there was a word for the concept. What follows however, is not a discussion of the controversy, or history for that matter. What follows is a discussion of the word and its meaning. Religion since its first minting has come to be an immensely broad term. So broad in fact that It defies a singular comprehensive definition. The word has come to refer to a loose and chaotically organized system of aspects and ideas, topics of you will. Many philosophers have attempted to define piety but exactly succeed in identifying a new topic. Overlap is always the case but this continual attempt to define the word has only resulted in the continuation broadening process.One such philosopher who sought a comprehensive analysis of religion was Karl Marx. Marx explained religion is stinting, social and psychological terms. For his purposes Marx succeeded admirably. Marx held that man creates religion for himself and that when he looks into religion he sees his look forward tos and desires that have realized themselves through fantasy. Key in Marxs conception is that religion is a construct. Without man there is no religion, that is to say there is nothing behind religion except a reflection of ourselves. The hope that man puts in religion, god, and an afterlife are simple fantasy. This hope is a resignation of the hope that satisfaction can be gained in the immediate world. We believe in a happy afterlife because we have abandoned up hope in this life. The hope is a total illusion. It is the opinion of Karl Marx that due to the nature of religion, specifically its dependence on the fantasized and projected hopes of oppressed people, that when subjection ended, that religio n would cease to be a compelling issue to man.Far from the radical and political atheism of Marx stands Rudolf Otto. Rudolf, rather than examining religion from a secular and economic perspective, Otto focuses on the mystical and personal experience of religion. In fact Otto defines religion as the experience of awe and mystery. Otto describes a feeling of awe in the hang in of what is not so much perceived so much as it is felt.

The Reality of Science :: Psychology Essays

The Reality of Science Science is defined in the Merriam Webster dictionary as an area of knowledge that is an object of study. What is the object of scientific study? Through an adherence to the rules prescribed by the scientific method, researchers and students of the various scientific fields search for truths, as defined by what can be proven to really exist in short, they searching for what is real. It is the quest to define reality, for the direct of mastering it perhaps, to one day be able to manufacture reality in a vast warehouse in the likeness of the landscape-altering remnants that litter the hills and meadows of alter nations around the globe. Through extensive research, theorizing and endless testing, retesting, and further retesting, scientists seek the common goal of determining the reality composing an exhaustive array of materials. Science, as we estimate it today, was coaxed into consciousness by the ancient philosophers of Pre-Socratic fame. These legendary th inkers whiled away the days in deep contemplation regarding the nature and definition of reality. Out of the flames of the fire started by the investigations of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and others, a fork in the road arose along the journey in pursuit of reality. Science is seldom seen as a branch of philosophy, yet to deny its crosstie to philosophy would be to deny its own mother. Science has arisen from the epistemoligical branch of philosophy, that massive vine of the great oak tree that encompasses the pursuit of reality through the utilization of the quintette senses. This twisting, intertwining bough developed from the attempts by philosophers who sought to define reality through inspection, comparison, and logical deduction. Nothing is real but what can be felt, sensed, smelled, heard. This can be be by the famed question If a tree falls in the forest, but no one hears it, does it make a sound? Philosophers in any school of thought continue to struggle with this quest ion, which scientists have attempted to solve through methods of investigation. Still, the original question remains Is a sound really a sound if it is not heard? If there are two people in the forest who both hear the tree fall, yet because of thier respective locations they distinguish entirely different sounds, how do we decide which one is real? Can reality take on opposing characteristics? Can the same sound be at once muffled and booming?